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Taj Mahal, Agra city of India

Taj Mahal is a World Heritage Tomb located in Agra city of India. It was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
Tajmahal is an excellent example of Mughal architecture. Its architectural style is a unique combination of Persian, Turk, Indian and Islamic architectural components. In 1983, the Taj Mahal became the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Along with this, it was described as one of the finest human works, receiving universal acclaim of World Heritage. The Taj Mahal has also been declared the gem of Islamic art of India. Generally, the cobblestone of the sawmills is not made like the buildings covered with large ribs and it is covered with a white dome and a tile size of a marble in [2]. The tomb built at the center introduces the combination of beauty in its architectural superiority. The highlight of the structure of the Taj Mahal building is that it is completely symmetrical. Its construction was almost completed around 1648. [1] Ustad Ahmad Lahauri is often regarded as its chief architect.

Architectural art


Mausoleum
Taj Mahal is the focal point, the white marmalade built on a square foundation basis. This is a symmetrical building, in which an Evan is a vast curved gate (arch-shaped). A large dome is adorned above this building. Like most Mughal tomb, its original components are from Persian origin.

basic premise
Its basic base is a large multi-orbital structure. The main chamber is cuboid, each of which is 55 meters (see: Floor Map, Right). On the long edges, there is a heavy pistachio, or room chamber with an arched ceiling. It is covered with a raised arched balcony.

Main arches
On the either side of the main arches, on the one side, in the second style, two-two extra pistachars are made. In this style, two or two pistols (one above the other) are made on four edges of the chamber. This composition is completely symmetrical on each side of the building, which makes this building octagon rather than square, but due to the four sides of the corner being quite small from the other four edges, it would be appropriate to call it square. Four towers around the tomb seem to be building in the four corners of the base basin, in a framework of the building. In the main room there are fake tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shahjahan. They are very ornate, and they are actually located on the bottom floor.

The dome
The most beautiful part of the dome (see left) on the tomb is the most beautiful part of it. Its height is approximately 35 meters, equal to the base of the building and it is located on a cylindrical basis of 7 meters high. It is also called a dome of onion size (also called guava shape) on its size. Its peak is embellished with an inverted lotus. It gives insertion to the edges of the dome on the summit.

Umbrellas
The shape of the dome gets more force from its four small dome (see right) at its four edges. The umbrella's dome, the main dome-shaped copies, is only the difference of the measure. Their column headings are open on the terrace for the arrangement of internal lighting. Highly decorated bouquets of the marble, emphasize the height of the dome. Along with the main dome, on the umbrellas and bouquets, the Kamarkar peaks. On the peak of the domes and umbrellas, the famous Persian and Hindu architectural masterpiece of art is decorated in a metallic vase kiritupurup.

Crown pinnacle
On the crown of the main dome is the Kalash (see right). This peak kalash was golden till early 1800 AD and now it is made of bronze. This is a unifying combination of components of Kirt-Kalash Persian and Hindu Vaastu art. It is also found on the summit of Hindu temples. The moon is made on this urn, whose tip points to heaven. Due to their planning, the notes of the moon and the urn make together the shape of a trident, which is the sign of Hindu Lord Shiva. [4]

Towers

Unique view of crown with sunset sun
Four huge towers (see left) are located on the four corners of the main base. It is every 40 meters high. These minarets show the symmetrical tendency of the Taj Mahal's texture. These minarets are built just like the minarets to be set up in the mosque. Each minaret is divided into three equal parts by two shades. The last balcony on top of the tower, which has a umbrella similar to the main building. These are also the Kamarakaar shape and the crown kalash. There is a special thing in these minarets, it has a slight tilt towards the outside, so that in the event of falling, it falls on the outside, and the main building can not get any damage.

Outdoor decoration

Calligraphy on the big pistachio
Exterior decoration of Taj Mahal is the finest example of Mughal architecture. As soon as the surface area changes, the area of ​​large pistach is more than the smallest and its ornamentation also changes in the same proportion. The adornment components are manufactured by rubbing or grueling or by carving and gemstones. Islam has fully adhered to the prohibition of humanitarianism. Adornment is done only with calligraphy, formless, geometrical or plant motif.

The calligraphy found in Taj Mahal is from the Florida Thuluth script. They are created by Persian clerk Amant Khan. The calligraphy Jasper has been rooted in the white marble panels. The work done on the Sanataph of Sangramarir is extremely negligible, soft and fine. Height has been taken care of. High panels have been written in the same proportion, so that they do not seem to be tired of looking downwards. The entire area has been used for the rectangles of Quran, ornamentation. Recent shows

Red Fort, Delhi

The Red Fort or Red Fort, located in the historic, captured and old area of ​​Delhi, is made of red sandstone. The fort was built by the fifth Mughal Badshah Shah Jahan. This fort is called "Red Fort" due to the red color of its walls. This historic fortress was selected by a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2007.

History

The city of Red Fort and Shahjahanabad, erected by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, was erected in 1639. The layout of the Red Fort was redone to be integrated with the Fort of Salimgarh. This fort and palace have been an important focal point for the medieval city of Shahjahanabad. The planning, the arrangement and the beauty of the Red Fort is the peculiarity of Mughal creativity, which reached its maximum elevation during the time of Shah Jahan. After the construction of this fort, Shah Jahan carried out many development work. Many important aspects of the development were made by Aurangzeb and the last Mughal rulers. Many basic changes in the entire configuration were made after the first struggle for independence in 1857 in the British period. During the British period, this fort was used mainly in the form of cantonment. Rather, after independence, many of its important parts remained under army control until 2003.

The Red Fort was the palace of Shahjahanabad, the new capital of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. This was the seventh Muslim city in the city of Delhi. He changed his capital from Agra to Delhi, to increase the prestige of his government, as well as to give new opportunities to the ambition to create new ones. There was also his main interest in this.

This fort is located on the banks of the Yamuna River as well as the Taj Mahal and Agra Fort. The water of the same river surrounded this fort and filled the trench. Its northeast side wall was attached to an ancient fortress, which is also known as the Salimgarh fortress. The fort of Salimgarh was built by Islam Shah Suri in 1546. The construction of the Red Fort was completed in 1638 and completed in 1648. But according to some opinions, it describes an ancient fort and city of Lalkot, which was captured by Shah Jahan and built this strong. King Lalkot, Prithviraj Chauhan, was the capital in the last phase of the 12th century.

On March 11, 1783, the Sikhs entered the Red Fort and captured Diwan-i-Aam. The Mughal chiefs surrendered to the city for their fellow Sikhs. This work was carried out under the command of Sardar Baghel Singh Dhaliwal of Karor Singhia Misal.


Measurement risk
Lalkila is located at the eastern end of Salimgarh. It has its name due to the walls and red sandstone wall. This makes four candles. This wall is 1.5 miles long (2.5 km) and is 60 feet (16 m) and 110 feet (35 m) high, from the edge of the river. It is known by the strength of its measurement, that its plan has been made using a square grid (square door) of 82 m.

The scheme of the Red Fort was completely completed and subsequent changes have not allowed any change in the origin of its plan. In the eighteenth century, some of its parts were damaged by thieves and invaders. After the first freedom struggle of 1857, the fort was used as the headquarters of the British army. This army destroyed about eighty percent of the mandams and gardens. . [2] The plan to restore these destroyed orchards and the surviving parts was executed by Umaid Danish in 1903.


Architecture

View of the courtyard buildings.
The strong red has artistic and decorative scenes of high level. The work of art here is a synthesis of Persian, European and Indian art, whose result was a distinctive and unique style of Shahjahani. This style is excellent in color, expression and form. Lalkilla is an important construction group in Delhi, which boasts of Indian history and its arts. Its importance is beyond the limits of time. It is a symbol of talent and architectural power. Efforts were made to preserve and preserve that the post-retirement predecessor was declared a monument of national importance in 1913.

Its walls have been well absorbed. These walls are open at two main doors: Delhi Darwaza and Lahore Darwaza. The Lahore Gate is your main entrance door. There is a long market inside, Chatta Chowk, whose walls are leased to stores. After this, there is a large open space, where it crosses the long north-south road. This road was first divided into parts of military and civilian castles. The southern end of this road is at the Delhi Gate.

Warehouse
On the east side of the open terrain, there is a dakkharana from Lahore Gate to Chatta Chowk. It is the main door of the castle made for musicians.

Qutub Minar, South Delhi city in India

Qutub Minar is located in Mehrauli area of ​​South Delhi city in India, the world's tallest tower built of brick. Its height is 72.5 meters (237.86 feet) and diameter is 14.3 meters, which goes up to 2.75 meters (9.02 feet) on the summit. There are 379 stairs in it. [1] There are several excellent specimens of Indian art in the compound made around the tower, many of which are in its construction period 1193 or earlier. This complex has been approved by UNESCO as World Heritage.

History

72.5 meters (237.86 feet) wide Qutub Minar, the world's highest brick built statet (minaret).
Due to the desire to excite and move beyond the jam's tower, Delhi's first Muslim ruler, Qutbuddin Aibak, started the reconstruction of Qutub Minar in 1193 by breaking the monastery due to the frenzy of spreading Islam, but only on its basis Make it His successor, Iltutmish, increased the three floors in it and in 1368 Firoz Shah Tughlaq built the fifth and final floor. . The tower is made of red sandstone, on which the fine vertex of the verses of the Qur'an and the flowering of the vines is broken, which are the Arabic words by breaking the flowering bells, the Qur'an does not have rectangles. Qutub Minar is built on ancient ruins of Lalkot, ancient fort of Delhi city, Dhillika. Dhillika was the capital of the last Hindu kings of Tomar and Chauhan. The real name of Kutubaminar is Vishnu Pillar, which was not created by Qutbuddin but by another astronomer Varahamihira of Navratan of Chandra Gupta Vikramaditya. The town which is near the Qutub Minar is called Mehrauli. It is a Sanskrit word that is called Mihir-Aveli. It can be said about this town that the famous astronomer used to stay at Mihir (who was in the court of Vikramaditya) here. He was accompanied by his assistant, mathematician and technocrat. They used to study the so-called Qutub Tower for astronomical calculation. This tower, with a two-seat airplane, shows a flower of 24 Petals lotus. Its petals look like a hora or 24-hour dial. The building of the lotus flower with twenty-four petals is completely a Hindu idea. It can not be linked to any dry part of West Asia which is not produced there. There were pavilions or dome buildings for 27 constellations or constellations dedicated to the Hindu zodiac around this tower. He left a description of Qutubuddin in which he wrote that he had destroyed all these pavilions or dome buildings, but he did not write that he had made a tower. Muslim attackers used to remove the stone-dressing or stone cloth of Hindu buildings and make the next part written in Arabic by changing the face or face of the idol. The details written in Sanskrit on the pillars and walls of many complexes can still be read.The entrance of the tower is in the north, not in the west, while the importance of the West is in the Islamic theology and tradition.This was the astronomical observation tower. In the Brahmi script, it is written in Sanskrit that the column of Vishnu was made on the hill of Vishnupad Giri, which was not found in the same way as a coroneted iron pillar. From this statement it is clear that the statue of Vishnu lying in the temple situated in the middle of the tower was destroyed by Mohammed Gori and his slave Qutbuddin. The pillar was made in honor of the victories in the east and west of a Hindu king. There were seven floors in the tower which showed a week, but now there are only five floors in the tower. Sixth was dropped and was re-erected on nearby grounds. On the seventh floor, there is a statue of Brahma, who is the four face, who had taken the Vedas in his hands before creating the world. On top of Brahma's statue, there was a white marble umbrella or umbrella, in which the hour of gold was carved . The top three floors of this tower were ruined by sculptured Muslims who had hatred of the statue of Brahma. The Muslim invaders also destroyed the statue of Vishnu at the bottom of the bed, resting on the bed. The iron pillar was called the Garuda flag or the eagle pillar. It was considered as the watchman pillar of the temple of Vishnu. Temples of 27 constellations in one direction had an enclosed part. The circumference of the tower is made precisely by giving 24 turns and in turn the shape of the circle, the shape of the circle and the shape of the triangle alternately varies. This suggests that the 24th digit had social significance and it was given prominence in the premises. There are 27 sprays or holes for light coming in. If this thing is considered with 27 constellation pavilions then there is no doubt that the tower was the astronomical observation pillar

Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh

Fatehpur Sikri is a city that is a municipal board of the Agra district. It is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It was here in the Mughal Empire in the kingdom of Akbar from 1571 to 1585, then emptied, perhaps due to lack of water. This Sikarwar was the princely state of Rajput Raja, which was later established in the district of Kheragarh and Murareana of Madhya Pradesh. Fatehpur Sikri is the best example of a mixture of Hindu and Muslim architecture. It is said about the Fatehpur Sikri mosque which is a copy of the Makkah mosque and its design has been taken from the Hindu and Parsi architecture. The entrance to the mosque is a 54 meter high door, which was built in 1573 AD. In the north of the mosque, Sheikh Salim is on the Chishti stand, where women come to ask for prayers.

Eye Michauli, Diwan-e-Khas, Buland Darwaza, five palaces, Khwahvah, Anoop Talab are the main monuments of Fatehpur Sikri.

History

The Mughal Emperor Babar had defeated Rana Saya in a place called Sikri, which is 41 km from the present Agra. Akbar then built it for the purpose of establishing it as a headquarters, but due to the lack of water, the capital must be transferred to Agra Fort. Fatehpur Sikri, 37 kilometers from Agra, was built by the Mughal emperor Akbar. In addition to being a successful king, he was also a prodigy of art. In 1570-1585, Fatehpur Sikri was also the capital of the Mughal empire. This city was built by Akbar himself under his supervision. Akbar was a boy. When all the remedies for childbirth failed, he prayed with Sufi Saint Sheikh Saleem Chishti. After this, happy and excited for the son of the son, Akbar decided to make his capital here. But there was a lot of water here, so only 15 years later, the capital had to take Agra again.

Main buildings

Highway gate
In Fatehpur Sikri, there are many buildings, prasadas and large remnants of Rajshahi present in Akbar's time. The tallest building here is Buland Darwaza, which has a height of 280 feet from the ground. After 52 steps, the viewer reaches the door. The doors of old age are kept at the doors of old age. For the recognition of Shaikh Salim, many travelers see the rivulets of horses in the keys. The bulldog gate was built in 1602 AD by Akbar as the monument of Gujarat-Vijay. Through this door, one has to enter the dargah of Sheikh. The Jama Masjid is on the left and the Sheikh in front of the mazar. The tombs of their relatives near the mazar or samadhi There is a small marble lake in the shade of a dense tree near the mosque and the mazar. There is a strange type of stone in a place of the mosque, which is the sound of a dragon. There is a beautiful label in the mosque. The tomb of Sheikh Salim is made of marble. It has a beautiful lattice of fine wood, which can be seen in many forms, which is very attractive. The lattice looks like a loose white silk garment in a distant view. Over the grave, there is a wonderful art of precious oysters, horns and sandalwood that, despite being 400 years old, seems to be completely new. The flowers of various colors carved in white stones are among the best examples of engraving art. There is a sandal of a sandal and an oyster in the grave. They were built by Nawab Islamikhan, the ruler of Dhaka and grandson of Sheikh Salim. Jahangir made it white marble to enhance the beauty of the tomb, although it was made of red stone during Akbar's time. Jahangir also performed the painting on the wall of Samadhi. When about one and a half meters from the grave of the tomb was deformed, in 1905, Lord Curzon reconstructed the cost of 12 lakhs. The key to meditation is made of ebony.

Agra Fort, Uttar Pradesh state of India

The fort of Agra is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This fort is located in Agra city of Uttar Pradesh state of India. The world famous monument Taj Mahal is present in its approximately 2.5 kilometers north-west. Some historians believe this fort is better said to be surrounded by the walled Prasad Mahal Nagari.

This is the most important fort of India. The Mughal emperors Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb used to be here, and from here they used to rule all over India. It was the highest treasure, property and mint in the state. Here the foreign ambassadors, travelers and high-ranking people were known to come, who created history of India.

History

It was originally a brick cast, which was near the Rajputs of Chauhan dynasty. Its first description comes in 1080E, when the army of Mahmud Gaznavi captured it. Sikandar Lodi (1487-1517), the first sultan of Delhi Sultanate, who traveled to Agra and it had done this work in 1504 AD and remained in this fort. Sikandar Lodi made it capital in 1506 AD and ruled from here on the country. His death also took place in this fort in 1517. Later, his son Ibrahim Lodi took the throne for nine years, until he was killed in Panipat's first battle (1526). He built many places, mosques and wells in his lifetime.

After Panipat, the Mughals also captured this fort, as well as on its unseemly property. This property was also a diamond which was later famous as the Kohinoor Diamond. Then came Babar in place of Ibrahim in this fort. He made a bawdy here. In 1530, there was also the reign of Humayun. Humayun defeated Sher Shah Suri in Bilgram this year and was captured on the fort. Afghans occupied this fort for five years, which ultimately defeated Panipat II in 1556 by the Mughals.

Given the central position of this, Akbar decided to make it his capital and came here in 1558. Its historian Abul Fazl has written that this fort was a brick fort, which was named as 'cloudargad'. It was then in bad shape and Akbar had to make it again, which he used to make with red sandstone. Its foundations are laid by big architects. It was made from bricks from inside, and red sandalwood was put on the outer cover. Fourteen thousand forty-four thousand artisans and laborers worked for eight years in this construction, then it was completed in 1573.

Akbar's grandson Shah Jahan delivered this place to the present. It is also a myth, that when Shahajahan built the Taj Mahal for his beloved wife, he was trying to make the buildings of white marble, which included gold and precious gems. At the time of the construction of the fort, he also broke the old buildings and buildings, so that the fort could have built buildings.

In the last days of his life, Shah Jahan was imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb in this fort, a punishment that was not so strong as seeing the luxury of the castle palaces. It is also said that the death of Shah Jahan was seen in the Tajamahal, in the Musamman Burj, of the fort. This tower has a very beautiful view of the Taj Mahal with the windows of the marble.

This fort became a battleground during the first Indian independence war of 1857. After which the British East India Company's rule ended with India, and there was a straight rule of Britain for almost a century. After that there was freedom only available.

Blueprint

The scene inside the Musmman Burj, where Shahjahan spent the last seven years of his life observing the Taj Mahal, spent his hide in the detention of his son and successor Aurangzeb.
The Agra Vastu award was given to the fort of Agra for the year 2004, and the postal department of Indian Postal Department had also taken a post-tattoo in memory of this great moment on November 28, 2004.

This fort is a semi-circular map, which is directly and Yamuna is parallel to the river. Its decorations are seventy feet high. There are double bowlers in which the heavy turret is in equal intervals between them, along with the canons of guns, and the defense chowkas have also been formed. There are four gates on its four corners, one of which is open to the river, towards the river.

Its two gates are called Delhi Gate and Lahore Gate (Lahore Gate is also called Amarsingh Gate).


Delhi gate towards the city is the grandest of all. There is another door inside it, called Elephant Pol, on which there are idols of two realistic stone elephants, whose guard protectors are also standing. A door open from a gate, which is made on the trench, and a thief door, makes it invincible.

The monument form was the formal gate of the Delhi gate, the emperor, which is being used in the cantonment form for the northern part of the fort for the parachute brigade by the Indian Army. So the Delhi gate is not open to the public. Tourists can get admission from Lahore gate, which has been given such a name because of being the head of Lahore (now in Pakistan).

From the point of view of architectural history, this place is very important. Abul Fazl writes, that there were about five hundred beautiful buildings built in Bengali and Gujarati style. Many were demolished to make white marbles. Most of the British broke down from 1803 to 1862 to make barracks. At present, on the south-east side, there are hardly thirty buildings left. Of these, there are representative buildings of Akbar, Delhi Gate, Akbar Gate and a palace - Bengali Mahal - Akbar.

Jahangir changed the name of Akbar Gate Akbar Darja to Amar Singh

Hawa Mahal, Jaipur Rajasthan

Hawa Mahal is a princess-palace in Jaipur, the capital of the Indian state of Rajasthan. It was built by Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh in 1798 and it was designed by architect Lal Chand Usta like any 'Rajmukut'. Its unique five-storey building, which is only one and a half feet wide from the top, looks out of the bee hive on the outside, in which there are 53 53 beautiful and attractive small lattice windows, called Jharkha. The basic feeling behind making these windows netting was that the women of the royal household who strictly adhered to the "curtain custom" looked at the activities of the roads and the everyday life of the streets under the palace with these windows. Able to do Apart from this, due to the "Venturi effect", the cool air always gets in the palace with the walls of these complex structures, due to which the palace always remains air conditioned in the hot summer.

Built on lime, red and pink sandstone, this palace is situated on the main road in the heart of the business center of Jaipur. It is only part of the City Palace and the Zanana is spread to the room or the women's room. In the morning, it gives a unique feeling to see the sun shine in the sunlight.

The beautiful view of the two floors of the top of the Hawa Mahal
Harmohal is a five-storey monument, which is 50 feet (15 m) in height from its main base. The dimensions of the width of the top three floors of the palace is as much as a room, while the bottom two floors also have open patio, which is in the rear of the palace. The front part of the palace, which is seen from the main road in front of the Hawa Mahal. On its small window, sandstone stones have extremely attractive and beautiful carvings, pendants and dome. This unmatched structure boasts of several semi-octagonal windows, which make it unmatched around the world. In the inner part of the back side of the building, the rooms are set according to the different needs which have been made with very less decorative pillars and corridors and are similar to the top floor of the building.

Lal Chand Ustad was the architect of this unique building, which also helped in the preparation of Jaipur city's crafts and architectural plans. Keeping in mind the decoration of other monuments in the city, the color of this palace made of red and pink colored stones is a complete proof for the title of 'Gulabi Nagar' given to Jaipur. The front part of the Hawa Mahal is decorated with 9 53 unique carved windows (some of which are also made of wood) and this is exactly the opposite from the back of the castle, because the back part of the Hawa Mahal is quite simple. Its cultural and crafted heritage is a unique mixture of Hindu Rajput art and Mughal style, for example, the attractive work of flowers, dome and giant pillars are unique examples of Rajput art, as well as on the stone Added Mughal style carvings, beautiful arches, etc. are the notable examples of Mughal craft.

City Palace can be entered by the Royal Gate in the Hawa Mahal. It opens in a spacious courtyard, with its two-storeyed buildings on the side and the east and grand air castle is located. There is also an archaeological museum in this patio.

Hawa Mahal Maharaja Jai ​​Singh was a favorite place to relax because its interior decoration is very beautiful. In all its chambers, there were always 53 cold winds flowing in the front of the room, with the arrangement of fountains in front of all chambers to increase the effect of coolness in the summer.

There is only arrangement of hoarders to go to the top two floors of the Hawa Mahal. It is said that in view of the inconvenience the queens used to climb up to the length of the cliffs, they were arranged to replace the staircases to enter the upper two floors.


Repair and renewal
The Hawa Mahal is supervised by the archaeological department of Rajasthan Government. In the year 2005, after a long interval of nearly 50 years, the work of repair and renovation of the palace at large level was done, with an estimated cost of Rs.4567.9 lakhs. Some corporate houses are also coming forward to maintain the archaeological monuments of Jaipur, an example of which is "Unit Trust of India" which has taken the lead of the Sarva-Mahal of the Hawa Mahal.

Tourism related information
Hawa Mahal, located on the big four-way in the southern part of Jaipur city. Jaipur city is directly connected to all major cities of India by road, rail and air route. The railway station of Jaipur is the central station of the broad gauge line network of the Indian Railways Service.

There is no arrangement for direct entrance and entry in the air castle. To enter the Hawa Mahal, there is a system of entry from the right and left paths of the palace, from which you get the entrance to the palace from the back of the palace.

Khajuraho UNESCO World Temples, Madhya Pradesh

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Khajuraho is a prominent city in the province of Madhya Pradesh, in India, which is world famous for its ancient and medieval temples. It is located in the Chhattarpur district of Madhya Pradesh. Khajuraho was also known in ancient times as Khajurpura and Khajur Vaavika. There are a large number of ancient Hindu and Jain temples here. The city of temples is famous for the temples of Khajuraho built with bent stones all over the world. Khajuraho is known for its ornate temples, which are the best medieval monuments in the country. In addition to India, visitors and tourists from all over the world continue to visit the symbol of this unique beauty of love. The art of Hindu art and culture was engraved on the stones of this city during the medieval period. Several temples of sexual intercourse have been beautifully embellished in these temples.

History

The history of Khajuraho is almost one thousand years old. This city was the first capital of the Chandel Empire. The Chandel dynasty and the founder of Khajuraho were Chandravarman. During the medieval period of Chandravarman, there was King Gujjar who ruled in Bundelkhand. They used to be considered as Chandra dynasty. The Chandel kings ruled in central India from the 10th century to the 12th century. The temples of Khajuraho were built between 950 AD and 1050 AD by these Chandel kings. [1] After the construction of the temples, Chandello transferred his capital to Mahoba. But even the importance of Khajuraho remained important.

Chandrabardai, the court poet of medieval times, described the origin of Chandel in the Mahoba block of Prithviraj Raso. He has written that Hemwati, the daughter of Kashi's son-in-law, was the teacher of beauty. One day he was bathing in the pond full of lotus flowers on summer night. Seeing her beauty, Lord Chandra was fascinated by them. They came to earth in human form and defeated Hemvati. Unfortunately, HN was a widow. She was the mother of a child. They accused Chanddev of destroying his life and kidnapped his character.

By repentance of his error, Chandra Swamy promised Hemvati that she would be the mother of a brave son. Chanddev said he should take his son to Khajurpura. He said he would become a great king. When he becomes king, he will build many temples surrounded by gardens and lakes. Chandra told Hemwati that after becoming king, your son will organize a huge yagna that will ruin your sins. Following Chandra's instructions, Hemvati left home to give birth to a son and gave birth to a son in a small town.

Chandravarman, son of Hemavati, was as bright, courageous and powerful as his father. At the age of sixteen, he could kill a lion or a tiger without weapons. Seeing the extraordinary heroism of the son, Hemvati worshiped Chandra, who presented the Stone of Paras to Chandravarman and made him King of Khajuraho. The iron could be turned into gold by the stone of Persia.

Chandravarman has won a spectacular victory in many wars. He built the huge fort of Kalinjar. At the mother's request, Chandravarman built 85 unique temples in Khajuraho covered with ponds and gardens and organized a yagna that made Hemvati sinless. Chandravarman and his successors built many temples in Khajuraho.

Western group
Since the British engineer TS Burtt discovered the temples of Khajuraho, a large group of temples has since been known as the "Western group". This is one of the most attractive places in Khajuraho. This place was also included in the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1986. This means that now everyone will be responsible for its repair and care. You should start your journey with a view of the temples of these western groups located near Shivsagar. You can get an audio headset by depositing 500 rupees from the box office at Rs. fifty.

Apart from this, the guide services can also be taken for four people between two hundred rupees and three rupees in half a day or all day. Khajuraho can be seen well through bicycles. These bikes can be obtained at a stand near the West Group at a rate of Rs. 20 per hour.

The complexes of this complex have been beautifully decorated. This decoration reveals the prosperity and power of the rulers here. Historians say that devotion to Hindu demons has been demonstrated. Shiva or Vishnu are represented in the form of devakulas. The temple of Laxman located in this place is a temple of high class. In it, Lord Vishnu has been sitting as Baikuntham. This idol of Vishnu, four feet tall, has three heads. These heads are represented as human beings, lions and peas. It is said to have been received from the Chamba area of ​​Kashmir. The left side of the floor shows the activities of the vine

Hampi in Karnataka

Hampi

Hampi was the capital of the medieval Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar empire. Located on the bank of the Tungabhadra river, this town is now known as Hampi (derived from Pampa) and is now only remains as a ruins only. Seeing them, it appears that at any given time a prosperous civilization resides. Located in the state of Karnataka, India, this city has been included in UNESCO's World Heritage Sites. [1] Every year there are thousands of tourists and pilgrims. The vast dispersion of Hampi is detailed in the rocks of rock. There are more than five hundred memorial signs among the valleys and dunes. Among them there are innumerable buildings like temples, palaces, basements, water-ruins, old markets, royal pavilions, strongholds, popes, treasury ....

The Vithala temple complex in Hampi is, of course, one of the most magnificent monuments. When the 56 columns in the main hall are tapped, the music flows out of them. In the eastern part of the hall is the famous rock-chariot which actually walked with stone wheels. There are many such surprises in Hampi, as the kings were weighed with grains, gold and rupees, and it was distributed among poor people. The baths made for the queens were equipped with arched corridors, vaulted balconies and lotus-shaped fountains. Apart from this Kamal Mahal and Jananakhaan are also included in such surprises. A beautiful two-storeyed place with a geometric trunk and is made like flowers of flowers to take sun and wind. Here the elephant-dining entrances and dome are elaborate and the Hazara Ram temple is built on the royal entrance of the city.

The ruins of Hampi, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, located in Karnataka, are undoubtedly one of the 15 historical places in India that you can not miss. Hampi is a place that seems to be stuck in time, waiting for daily life to resume, in its streets, in its temples and in its corridors. In every corner of here, you will find something worthy of being admired. Each stone tells a story of the past. Hampi was built by the great ruler Deva Raya II of the Vijaynagara Empire.

For lovers of art and history, this is a paradise, as it is for those who wish to explore the achievements and glories of the past ages. One of the great attractions of Hampi is Lord Shiva's sculptures carved in stone. In addition to this, there are other attractions that include carriage structures, elephant stables and gopurams. Visitors are immensely fascinated by the beauty of the Virupaksha Temple. Hampi is also the place where mint was minted, the main currency of Vijaynagara.

You know? This place also registered the first instance of human settlement that dates back to 1 CE.

Do not miss: Hampi contains several carvings in sculptures that date back to the 14th century.

Schedule: You can visit the ruins of Hampi in Karnataka from 10:00 a.m. at 5:00 p.m.

Great living temples of Chola Temples, Tamil Nadu

Great living temples of Chola

The temple complex of Brihadisvara, Thajanvur The temple complex of Brihadisvara, Gangaikondacholapuram The temple complex of Airavatesvara, Darasuram
The Great Living Chola Temples is a UNESCO World Heritage site for a group of Hindu temples from the Chola Dynasty era in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. [1] [2] Completed between the early 11th century and the 12th century, the monuments include the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur, the Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple and the Airavatesvara Temple in Darasuram. The temple of Brihadisvara was recognized in 1987; the Gangaikondacholapuram Temple and the Airavatesvara Temple were added as extensions to the site in 2004.
The Brihadeeswarar Temple is located in the city of Thanjavur, about 350 kilometers (220 miles) southwest of Chennai. The Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and the Airavatesvara temple are about 70 kilometers (43 miles) and 40 kilometers (25 miles) northeast, respectively. The city of Thanjavur is connected daily to other important cities by the railway network of India, the bus services of Tamil Nadu and the national roads 67, 45C, 226 and 226 Ext.  The site has a nearby airport (IATA: TJV) that does not have a regular air service. The closest airport with regular services is the Tiruchirappalli International Airport (IATA: TRZ), about 55 kilometers away.


Temple of Airavatesvara

A pillar in the Dravidian architectural style in the temple of Airavatesvara.
The Temple of Airavatesvara is located in the city of Darasuram, near Kumbakonam, which was completed in 1166 CE. [6] It is one among a group of eighteen Hindu temples of the medieval era in the Kumbakonam area.  The temple is dedicated to Shiva. It also shows reverently the traditions of vishnaism and the shaktism of Hinduism, along with the legends associated with sixty-three Nayanars, the saints of the Bhakti movement shakivist.

The stone temple incorporates a chariot structure and includes important Vedic and Puranic deities such as Indra, Agni, Varuna, Vayu, Brahma, Surya, Vishnu, Saptamtrikas, Durga, Saraswati, Sri Devi (Lakshmi), Ganga, Yamuna, Subrahmanya, Ganesha , Kama, Rati and others. The temple was much larger and once had seven courtyards according to the inscriptions. Only one courtyard survives, parts of the temple, such as the gopuram, are in ruins, and the main temple and associated sanctuaries are alone.  The temple continues to attract large gatherings of Hindu pilgrims each year.


Temple of Brihadisvara

View of the Sri-vimana of the Brihadeeswarar Temple.
The Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva.  It is one of the largest temples in southern India and an exemplary example of fully realized Tamil architecture.  Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD. The original monuments of this temple of the eleventh century were built around a moat. It included gopura, the main temple, its massive tower, inscriptions, frescoes and sculptures predominantly related to Shaivism, but also with the traditions of Vaishnava and Shaktism Hinduism. The temple was damaged in its history and now some works of art are missing. Mandapam and additional monuments were added in the centuries that followed. The temple is now in the middle of fortified walls that were added after the 16th century.

Built in granite, the Vimanam tower above the shrine is one of the highest in southern India. [16] The temple has a massive prakara of columns (corridor) and one of the largest linga of Shiva in India.  He is also famous for the quality of his sculpture, in addition to being the place that commissioned the bronze Nataraja - Shiva as the lord of dance, in the eleventh century. The complex includes sanctuaries for Nandi, Amman, Subrahmanyar, Ganesha, Sabhapati, Dakshinamurti, Chandesrvarar, Varahi and others.  The temple is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu.


Temple of Gangaikonda Cholapuram

The Gangaikondacholapuram Brihadisvara Temple is a Hindu temple located in Gangaikondacholapuram about 70 kilometers from the Thanjavur Brihadisvara Temple. Completed in 1035 AD by Rajendra Chola I as part of its new capital, this temple of the Chola dynasty is similar in design and has a name similar to the eleventh century, and is sometimes only called the Gangaikondacholapuram temple.

It is dedicated to Shiva and is based on a square plan, but the temple shows reverentially the vishnavism, the shaktism and the themes of syncretic equivalence of Hinduism with statues of Vishnu, Durga, Surya, Harihara, Ardhanishvara and others.  In addition to the main sanctuary with linga, the temple complex has several smaller sanctuaries, gopura and other monuments, with some 

Aamer's Fort Jaipur, Rajasthan

Aamer's Fort Jaipur,

Amer Fort
Aamer is a suburb located in the city of Jaipur city, it was built by Meena Raja Aalan Singh, at least this city has been present since 967 AD, it was won by the Kashtah dynasty of Rajput caste in 1037 AD. Aamer Nagari and its temples and fortresses are unique examples of Rajputi art. The famous fort here invites the makers of the historical films to shoot today. The main gate is called Ganesh Pol, whose carvings are very attractive. [1] Artistic paintings were built on the walls of the walls and say that the Mughal emperor Jahangir became so angry with the art of those great artisans that he had plastered these paintings . These images are slowly starting to appear after crushing plaster. In Aemar, it is the forty pillars with forty pillars, where the walls of the palace are lit on the walls of the palace. Elephant Ride is the special attraction here, which is a matter of curiosity and pleasure for foreign tourists more than the country tourists.  The fort borders the Maota Lake, and is a major tourist attraction in Rajasthan.


Name source
In ancient times, Aamer was known as Ambvati, Amarpura and Amargarh.  Some people have said that this city was named "Aamer" after the name of Lord Shiva, but most people and logical meaning of Raja Bhakta Ambreesh of Ayodhya Add to the name of. It is said that the devotee Ambrish had kept the state-filled storehouse and warehouse for the oppressed. There was happiness and peace on all sides, but the treasures of the state remained empty for the oppressed. When his father interrogated Ambareesh, then Ambarish bowed his head and replied that these godowns are the godowns of God's devotees and they should always remain open for them. Bhakta Ambrish was adjourned for acting against the interests of the state and when the details of the loss of the goods in the warehouses were to be mentioned, then the people and the staff were stunned to see that till yesterday, How was the goods filled up across

The devotee Ambrish called it the grace of God. Miracle was this devotee of Ambareesh and of his devotion, The king became a knit. At that time, Ambareesh chose this place on the Aravali hill for his devotion and worship, and after his name being abusive, Ambareesh became "Aamer" or "Ambar".

Goddess Temple
Due to the temple of Amber Devi, it is famous all over the country. Sheela-Mata's renowned Devastha is the center of reverence due to the miracles of God, to fulfill the desire of the devotees. [5] Sheila-Mata's idol is extremely attractive and in the evening when the aarti occurs in the aroma of the incense, Without the supernatural power the devotee-gan has not been affected without being affected. The temple environment, like the Goddess's arti and call, is filled with power. There are thrills, the hives are standing and a strange shuddering runs in the body. The whole atmosphere becomes miraculous. In the vicinity there is Vaishnava temple of Jagat Sriramani, whose pylon is made of white marble and there are huge statues of elephants on either side. [6]

Castle of glass

The glass pieces on its inner walls, domes and terraces have been inserted in such a way that the mirror of the mirror shines the whole room with light as only a few candles burn.
The Amber Fort is also famous for its Shees palace. The glass pieces on its inner walls, domes and terraces have been inserted in such a way that the mirror of the mirror shines the whole room with light as only a few candles burn. The architecture of Lake Bagh outside the Sukh Mahal and the fort is unimaginable.

Located in the form of sacred confluence of devotion and history, the Amer city remains a center of attraction for tourists due to its vast mansion and its charming mosaic of architectural artwork. The stone arches are made by looking at the crop. The special attraction here is the Doli Mahal, which is like the dolly (palanquin), in which ancient times the ladies of the royal family used to come and go. In these palaces, there is a forgery in front of the Doli Mahal inside the entrance, where Raje Maharaj played the game of eye-michoni with his queens and patrons. It is said that there were many queens of Maharaja Man Singh and when Raja Man Singh came back from the battle, then it was the situation that he would first visit the queen. Therefore whenever whenever there was such an opportunity, King Man Singh used to roam around in this forgetfulness, and the queen who first figured out would get the pleasure of first meeting.

It is also famous that it was a secret agreement between Akbar and Mansingh that if any winner won from the war, the land and diamond-jewels would come in the hands of the Emperor Akbar, and the rest of the other treasures and currencies Raja Man Singh Will agree Having received this type of property, Raja Man Singh conducted the prosperous Jaipur state. Behind the Aamer's palaces, the historic fort of Nahargarh, where the property of billions of rupees is pronounced and the possibility of getting stuck in the ground is expressed.

Ajanta and Ellora Caves, Maharashtra

Ajanta Caves, Buddhist monument caves, which are located in Maharashtra, India, cut about 29 rocks, which are from the second century BC. Here are excellent specimens of illustration and craftsmanship related to Buddhism, along with live depictions  also occur. These caves are located adjacent to the village called Ajanta, which is in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. (Coordinate: 20 ° 30 '75 ° 40' P.) Ajanta Caves has been declared UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983. "

According to 'National Geographic' ': The flow of faith was such that it appears that, for centuries, almost all Buddhist temples, including Ajanta, were built under the rule and shelter of Hindu kings.


A panoramic view of Ajanta Caves from 8 Km away; Its size is like a horse trunk.

Ajanta Caves - A View from the Ticket Office

Jataka stories from Ajanta caves
Caves surrounded by a dense forest, the Horse Null shape is located 3½ km from Ajanta village in the valley. This village is situated 106 kms away from Aurangabad city of Maharashtra. Its nearest town is Jalgaon, which is 60 km away, Bhusaval is 70 km away. In the foothills of this valley, the hill stream waghur flows. Here are the total of 29 caves (officially calculated by the Indian Archaeological Survey Department), which is located in the south of a river formed by the river. Their height ranges from 35 to 110 feet.

Ajanta's monastery is a group, in which there are many Viharas (monastic residences) and Chaitya Ghar (Stupa Memorial Hall), which are built in two stages. The first phase is incorrectly referred to as the Heinean phase, which is related to the Hinayana vote of Buddhism. In fact, Hinayan is a term for immobilization, in which there is no prohibition in the form of Buddha. The cave of Ajanta 9, 10, 12, 13, 15A (the last cave was discovered in 1956 and has not yet been numbered.) Was discovered at this stage. In these excavations, Buddha has been shown in stupa or monastery form.

The excavations of the second phase were discovered after about three centuries of stability. This phase also incorrectly allows Mahayana Phase 9 to showcase the second big trunk of Buddhism, which is less hardcore, and to show Buddha in paintings or art forms directly in cow etc.) it is said. This is the name of Wakatak, the governing line of the Vatsgulam branch. The construction date of this second phase is disputed in many academics. In recent years, some majority of the signs of this have begun to be accepted in the fifth century. According to Walter M. Spink, an Ajanta expert, the Mahayana caves were constructed between 462-480 AD. The caves of Mahayana Phase are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 Cave number 8 was considered a cave of Hinayana phase for a long time, but at present it has been declared Mahayana on the basis of facts.

Two Chaitya Ghathas were found in Mahayana, Hinayan stage, which were in Cave 9 and 10. The cave numbers of this stage are 12, 13, 15 viharas. There were three chaity houses in Mahayana Phase, which were in numbers 19, 26, 29. The last cave was unannounced from its beginning. All other caves are 1-3, 5-8, 11, 14-18, 20-25, and 27-28 viharas.

The excavations found in the excavation are of many measures, the largest of which is 52 feet, often all the square. There is also a difference in their form. Many are ordinary, so many are ornate, some of the gates of the door are made, so many are not made. All the walks are an essential component - a large hall room. Among the Vakatak steps, there have been no holy places in many, because they were only made for religious meetings and housing only; Later, holy places were added to them. Then it became a standard. In this holy place, the statue of Buddha was often sitting in a central chamber, sitting in the religion-cycle-enforcement posture. In the caves which have the latest features, there are also side-walls on the side walls, entrances to the gates and in the courtyard. The walls of the walls of many viharas are embellished with carvings. The wall is painted on walls and terraces.

In the middle of the first century, Buddhism began to be given the status of a deity, and worship began to be worshiped. As a result, Buddha was made the center of worship. This led to Mahayana.

In the past, academics divided the caves into three groups, but considering the evidence and refusing it, it was rejected. According to that principle, a group from 200 B.C. to 200 AD was considered as the second group of the sixth century and the third group was the seventh century.

Expression cave temples used by the Anglo-Indians for treats were considered inappropriate. Ajanta was a type of college monastery. Hein Tsang explains that Dinnag, a famous Buddhist philosopher, philosopher, who was the author of several texts on logic, lived here. It is still left to be certified by other evidence. Viharas were able to accommodate hundreds of people at their peak. The teachers and the students lived together here. It is very sad that no Vakataka phase cave is complete. This was due to the fact that the ruler of Wakatak descent suddenly became powerless, so that his people were in trouble too. For this reason, all the activities were interrupted and stopped all at once. It was Ajanta's last tense of the time.


Cave no. 1
This is a first step and there is no point in the sequence of other caves. This is the first cave from the eastern side on the horse-shaped shield. According to Spink, it is one of the last caves built on this site and Wakatat is towards the end of the phase. However, there is no written evidence

Mysore Palace, Mysore largest city of Karnataka's

Mysore
-  Town  -
Statue of Mahishasura located on Chamundi Mountain
Statue of Mahishasura located on Chamundi Mountain
Map of Karnataka with Mysore marked
Karnatak Ankit on the map of India

Mysore
Mysore is the second largest city of Karnataka's province of India. It is situated on the border of Tamil Nadu about 150 kilometers south of the state capital, Bangalore.

History
The authentic history of Mysore is obtained after the invasion of Alexander (327 BC) on India. After that storm, the northern part of Mysore had the right to the Satavahan dynasty and this right lasted till the second century AD. These kings of Mysore were called 'Satkarni'. After this, the Pallavas were ruled by the Kadamb dynasty on the north Kashmir region and on the eastern side. The capital of Kadambo was in Vanvasi and in Kanchi of Pallavas. Meanwhile, the seventh King of the Ikshvaku dynasty, Durvinith, snatched some areas from the Pallavas and took control of it. The eighth ruler, Sripur, defeated the Pallavas and assumed the title of "Paramanadi", which also holds the title of the successors of the Gang Dynasty.

Chalukyas invaded North Western region in the fifth century. In the sixth century, the Chalukya King Pulicashin stripped the Vothadi from the Pallavas and established the capital there. At the end of the eighth century, the king of Dhruv or Dhrruv of Rashtrakuta dynasty collected taxes from the King of Pallava and also got the king of the Ganges dynasty. Later Gang King was released. After Rachmal (about 820 AD) the effect of the gang dynasty began to grow again. In 1004, Cholavanshiya Rajendra Chola defeated Ganges and took control of South and Eastern part.

The rest of Mysore has the right of Western Chalukyas on the north and west areas. Among them Vikramaditya was very famous, which ruled from 1076 to 1126. In 1155 the Chalukyas were replaced by the Kolchuris. Their power continued till 1153

At the end of the Gang war, the right of the Poisal or the Hoysal dynasty was established. These were called Yadava or Chandravanshi. Among them Bittidev was more famous, which ruled from 1104 to 1141. After capturing Talakad in 1116, he removed the Cholas from Mysore. In 1343, the head of this lineage ended.

In 1336, a Hindu kingdom named Vijayanagara emerged near Tungabhadra. Its founders were Harihar and Bukk. Its eight kings took control of the throne. After his death, his three sons, Narasimha, Krishnaray and Achyutrai, took over the throne. In 1565, the Vijayanagar state ended in the battle of Taliphata by the joint attack of Bijapur, Golkonda and Muslim states.

In the 18th century, the signatory of Muslim ruler Haider Ali was raised on Mysore. In 1782, after his death, his son, Tipu Sultan, was the ruler till 1799. Both of them fought many battles with the British Tipu Sultan died in the battle of Srirangpatam. After that, the British took control of the destiny of Mysore. But the political situation continued to remain confused, so in 1831, the Hindu king was removed from the throne and was appointed the British Commissioner. In 1881, sitting on Hindu Raja Ram Rajendra Gaddi In 1894, he died in Calcutta. His eldest son became king under the protection of the Queen, and in 1902 he was given full powers of governance. On being independent of India, Mysore was made a separate state in which some of the nearby passes were included. After restructuring of states in India, Mysore came to Karnataka.

Tourism
Mysore is not only important in terms of tourism in Karnataka but it is also important as a link to other nearby tourist sites. Most visitors to the city come during the Dussehra festival of Mysore. When the Mysore Palace and the surrounding sites like Jagan Mohan Palace, Jayalakshmi Vilas and Lalita Mahal have a lot of initiative and festival atmosphere. Karn Lake Lake Zoo, etc. are also the center of attraction. Mysore's cafeteria also attracts many tourists. The Krishnaraj Sagar Dam, a little away from Mysore and the Vrindavan Gardens that it has been one of the most attractive sites. The decoration of this garden, its musical fountains, etc. is among the best places for tourists. Historically, here is the historic site of Shrirang Pattanam, which was established as the focal point of central Tamil civilizations. The education and training of the Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan in Mysore is an ancholic institute. The town is very beautiful and clean, with plenty of colorful garden orchards filled with orchards. Being located on the Chamudhi hill, the house of the natural shade remains. The palace of the former Maharaja, the huge zoo, near the town are the scenic places like Krishnajsagar Dam, Vrindavan Vatika, hill of Chamundi and temple of Somnathpur. Due to these very attractions, it is called Paradise of tourists. Here cotton and silk fabrics, sandalwood soaps, buttons, cane and other artifacts are also made. Here is also the famous Mysore University.

Mysore Palace

Maharaja Rajmahal of Mysore
Main article: Maharaja Palace, Mysore
This palace is the largest center of attraction in Mysore. Located on Mirza Road, this palace is one of India's largest palaces. In it, Vadayyar Maharaj of Mysore State lived. When the wooden castle was burnt, then this palace was built. Built in 1912, this palace was built by British architect Henry Irwin. The roof made of glass of the Kalyan Pavilion, the photographs on the walls and the golden throne is the specialty of this palace.

About Deep sea

It has already been found that many of the terrestrial areas have not yet been touched by humans. So what about the deep oceans that cover 70% of the Earth's surface? Surely it took several centuries to do an in-depth exploration in the deep ocean.

One thing is for sure that there are many things under the depth of the ocean that can provide valuable information to humanity. It can be about ancient civilizations, land formation or mysterious creatures. The Mariana trench in the Guam region of the Pacific Ocean is the deepest point on Earth with a depth of 11,034 meters. The exploration of this unique point in the Pacific Ocean becomes too difficult for scientists, so the complete exploration of the ocean will surely become a dream for humanity.The deep sea or the deep layer is the lowest layer of the ocean, which exists under the thermocline and on the seabed, at a depth of 1000 fathoms (1800 m) or more. Little or no light penetrates this part of the ocean, and most of the organisms that live there depend on the fall of the organic matter produced in the photic zone. For this reason, scientists once assumed that life would be scarce in the deep ocean, but virtually every probe has revealed that, on the contrary, life is abundant in the deep ocean.

From the time of Pliny until the end of the 19th century ... humans believed that there was no life in the depths. He took a historical expedition on the Challenger ship between 1872 and 1876 to prove that Pliny was wrong; their dredging and deep-water trawls raised living creatures from all the depths that could be reached. However, even in the twentieth century, scientists continued to imagine that life at great depth was insubstantial, or in some way inconsequential. They thought that the eternal darkness, the almost inconceivable pressure and the extreme cold that exists less than a thousand meters away were so prohibitive that life almost died out. In fact, the opposite is true ... (Below 200 meters) is the largest habitat on Earth. [two]

In 1960, Bathyscaphe Trieste descended to the bottom of the Mariana Trench near Guam, at 10,911 m (35,797 ft, 6,780 mi), the deepest known place in any ocean. If Mount Everest (8,848 meters) was submerged there, its peak would be more than a mile below the surface. The Trieste retired, and for a time, the Japanese remote operated vehicle (ROV) Kaikō was the only boat capable of reaching this depth. It was lost at sea in 2003. In May and June 2009, the Nereus hybrid-ROV (HROV) returned to Challenger Deep for a series of three dives at depths greater than 10,900 meters.

It has been suggested that more is known about the Moon than in the deepest parts of the ocean. [2] Little was known about the extent of life in the deep ocean floor until the discovery of prosperous colonies of shrimp and other organisms around hydrothermal vents in the late 1970s. Before the discovery of submarine vents, it had been accepted that almost all life on earth obtained its energy (in one way or another) from the sun. The new discoveries revealed groups of creatures that obtained nutrients and energy directly from thermal sources and chemical reactions associated with changes in mineral deposits. These organisms thrive in completely unenlightened and anaerobic environments in highly saline water that can reach 300 ° F (150 ° C), extracting their sustenance from hydrogen sulfide, which is highly toxic to almost all terrestrial life. The revolutionary discovery that life can exist in these extreme conditions changed the opinions about the possibilities of life in other parts of the universe. Scientists now speculate that Europe, one of Jupiter's moons, can sustain life beneath its icy surface, where there is evidence [3] of a global ocean of liquid water